Is dopamine an endorphin plus#
Prior to this, statistical mechanics described the state of a gas in a vat as elements of a space of dimension 6.10^23, where the 6 stands for the 3 position coordinates plus 3 velocity components of the 10^23 (Avogadro’s number) molecules in a given volume. The notion of state is used in computer science and also extensively in mathematical system theory. Thus a state is an idealized mathematical notion, that usually cannot be known in full, but that is nevertheless very useful: it can be approximated and can serve for theoretical considerations. Therefore we define the state of an organism (the notion also applies to mechanical systems with sensors and actuators) at a given moment t, as the way it acts when receiving certain stimuli at moment t. The state of an organism may vary from moment to moment. In this way states are defined as action tendencies. In that case we say that the organism is in a different (internal) state. Indeed, the same external stimuli may give rise to a different reaction. Such input-action pairs only partially describe the organism. The effects on the sequential organization of behavior and on state transitions dominate the description of these effects.Īn organism, from a single cell to Homo sapiens, continuously responds to input from its environment with (if all is well) an adequate action. The effects of β-END on behaviors like food intake and sexual behavior, and the mechanisms involved in reward, meditation and pain control are discussed in detail. Funneling-constraints restrict the number of possible behavioral transitions in specific phases while at other moments in the sequence the transition to other behavioral states is almost completely open.
Is dopamine an endorphin free#
In section 1.4 the sequential organization of male rat behavior is explained showing that an animal is not free to switch into another state at any given moment.
Is dopamine an endorphin series#
To understand how β-END can have specific behavioral effects, we use the notion behavioral state, inspired by the concept of machine state, coming from Turing (Proc London Math Soc, Series 2,42:230-265, 1937). VT occurs over short as well as long distances via the extracellular space in the brain, as well as via the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flowing through the ventricular spaces inside the brain and the arachnoid space surrounding the central nervous system (CNS). This kind of communication between neurons has been designated volume transmission (VT) to differentiate it clearly from synaptic communication. Beta-endorphin (β-END) is an opioid neuropeptide which has an important role in the development of hypotheses concerning the non-synaptic or paracrine communication of brain messages.